Constantines Influence on Christianity

Constantines Influence on Christianity Free Online Research Papers While many have contributed to the growth of Christianity, one man was a key part of the legitimacy, acceptance and growth of the religion. He was the Roman emperor Constantine. Christians had been persecuted in the Roman Empire since the beginning of the religion. Constantine’s participation in the Council of Nicea and his implementation of Christian symbols in highly visible locations are the reasons that Christianity became the dominant religion in the western world. Constantine’s role in the council is why Christianity flourished. During Constantine’s reign, there were many social issues within the Roman Empire which Constantine felt had roots in the religious revolution of paganism and Christianity. These quarrels affected the prosperity of the Roman Empire. After years of infighting among leaders of the Christian church, the Roman emperor, Gaius Julius Octavius, also known as emperor Constantine, summoned all the Christian bishops to attend a council. The purpose of the council was to openly discuss and solve the problems that the differing views caused in the religion. The motivation for this action has been disputed by many, but most agree that Constantine felt a bond with the Christians that were being persecuted throughout the empire. The reason for the bond may have been due to Constantine growing up as a hostage in the east or his vision of the Christian cross on the eve of his most important battle (O’Grady 71). These factors played the deciding role in the decision of Constantine to cal l a meeting of the church. There had been many councils before this one, but none before had been called for by an emperor, and none had imperial authority. Constantine was intent on settling the disputes within the church for both economic and political gain (Payne 52). The council took place on Asia Minor on June 19th, 325 AD and lasted two months. Many Bishops from the west felt the meeting was of no concern to them; they held the populous power and underestimated the resolve of Constantine to settle the disputes at hand. Many bishops of the west were also outraged that the emperor had chosen such a distant local for the council; they felt the west was the center of the empire and this significant of a meeting should be held in the west. The western bishops also took this as Constantine publicly announcing his distain for the western empire and a display of favor for the people with which he identified with, the people of the east. Bishops from the Eastern Church were convinced this was their opportunity to be heard and their view of the Christian religion to be accounted for. The views of the bishops and the location of the meeting accounted for the turnout of the Council of Nicea, while 318 attended only six bishops and two presbyters of the bis hop of Rome were representing the west (Payne 59). The influential control held by the Eastern Church was not the only aspect of this council that was unorthodox. Never before had an emperor presided over a council of the Christian church. Constantine’s views on religion were â€Å"that it should be tidy with well defined lines of command† and his views of the men of the church was, â€Å"these men are bishops†, which was a status symbol of the time,† and these men, like all men, are riddled with flaws† (qtd. in Walker 14). These views along with his lack of tolerance for quarrels set a tone for the proceedings. As the council began, Constantine addressed the council by stating â€Å"he was glad to see them in harmony,† knowing they were in a bitter conflict. â€Å"I won my battles for the glory of God and to my dismay I hear there are divisions among you. We are here to fix it† (qtd. in Walker 14). At the beginning of the meeting, two antagonists came to the forefront. Arius, an outspoken bishop who had little tolerance for any beliefs that were not similar to his own and his fiery public speaking was cause for many of the council’s arguments. Athanasius, an older gentleman, was characterized as having an imposing physical presence, quiet during some disputes but with others he refused to compromise or to end the arguments. His actions led to numerous stalemates in the decision making process. Tired of the endless bickering, Constantine singled out the two men and had them removed from the council, Constantine then summoned the attendees to bring him all of their complaints and petitions he then threw them into the fire. These acts by the emperor left another large segment of the Christian faith unrepresented in the shaping of the religion (Bainton 92). During the remaining meetings of the council the emperor ruled similar to a judge. Constantine silenced all arguments t hat seemed arbitrary to him and rebuked all that spoke too angrily (Cowie 104). Constantine’s actions influenced the makeup and atmosphere of the council. The most dominating arguments of the council involved the beliefs in the father, the son, and the Holy Spirit, also known as the Trinity. The Bishops debated over the relationship between the three entities. One segment of the church believed that God was superior to Jesus and therefore was subordinate to him, while the other segment believed that each entity had its own place and none was subordinate to the others (First 1). Constantine, not understanding or grasping the ideology behind the argument, placed imperial pressure onto the council to come to a solution or he would step in. The council came to the agreement that the son was equal to the father and the Divinity was established. Religious writings were also topics of disputes. Claims of a hierarchy pertaining to one writing versus another were highly contested and no group could offer concrete evidence to legitimize the scrutinized documents (Lane 1). Disputes over religious text lagged for days and with the urging of Constantine the council proceeded to discuss a system of validation for the writings. Constantine had very little knowledge of the writings or of the religion in fact, he was a life long pagan and only converted to Christianity late in life. The council decided to focus on the writings that held popular truth. Writings that contained elements that all could agree upon were validated. The council did not review all writings but the writings that failed to meet the set standards of the council, were burned by the emperor. Many believe that this was done by Constantine because he felt once the center of the argument were no longer around then they could no longer cause disputes. This action enraged many in the church and leaders felt Constantine had no authority to destroy their sacred texts (Brandt 1). To this day, historians and theologists believe that many books of supposed prophets were lost here. The Council of Nicea of 325 was plagued with numerous debates, but progress for uniformity within the church was achieved The council was able to establish the Nicene Creed, a statement that echoes the beliefs and duties of the bishops, the Twenty Cannons and the establishment of a continuing council whose goal would be to further debate and verify texts along with solidifying the religion. With Constantine’s influence over the council, he set in motion an ever progressing religion that would gain momentum and begin to spread. Constantine also influenced everyday life with the Christian religion, he placed XP on currency. XP symbolizes Jesus Christ in Roman moniker. This was done to help give the religion social acceptance within the empire. With the backing of the Roman Empire, Christianity blossomed (Cowie 14). Constantine’s involvement in laying the foundation for the success of Christianity arose primarily from the social and economic problems that were crippling the Roman Empire. Without his participation in the Council of Nicea the Christian religion would have never have gained such momentum. Many people in history have played large roles in the growth of the religion but none more profound than Constantine. Bainton, Roland H. The Horizon History of Christianity. New York: American Heritage, 1964. Brandt, Steven. â€Å"The Council of Nicea.† Steves Theology Page. 27 Jan. 2007. columbia.edu/cu/augustine/arch/sbrandt/nicea.htm. Cowie, Leonard W. March of the Cross. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962. â€Å"First Council of Nicaea.† The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2003. Answers.com 27 Jan. 2007 answers.com/topic/first-council-of-nicaea. Lane, Anthony N.S. â€Å"The Council of Nicaea: Purposes and Themes.† 27 Jan. 2007. http://debate.org.uk/topics/theo/council_nicaea.html. O’Grady, Desmond. Beyond The Empire. New York: Crossroads, 2001. Payne, Robert. The Christian Centuries. New York: W.W. Norton, 1966. Walker, Williston. 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Apple

The production concept is a useful philosophy in two types of situation. The first occurs when the demand for a product exceeds the supply. Here, management should look for ways to increase production. The second situation occurs when the product’s cost is too high and improved productivity is needed to bring it down. 2. The Product Concept The product concept holds that consumers will favor products that offer the most quality, performance and innovative features, and that an organization should thus devote energy to making continuous product improvements. Some manufacturers believe that if they can build a better mousetrap, the world will beat a path to their door. . The Selling Concept The selling concept holds that consumers will not buy enough of the organization’s products unless it undertakes a large-scale selling and promotion effort. The concept is typically practiced with unsought floods – those that buyers do not normally think of buying, such as encyclopedias and funeral plots. These industries must be good at tracking down prospects and convincing them of product benefits. The selling co ncept is also practiced in the non-profit area. A political party, for example, will vigorously sell its candidate to voters as a fantastic person for the job. The candidate works hard at selling him or herself – shaking hands, kissing babies, meeting donors and making speeches. Much money also has to be spent on radio and television advertising, posters and mailings. 4. Marketing Concept The marketing concept holds that achieving organizational goals depends on determining the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfactions more effectively and efficiently than competitors do. Also Case Study will describe why Apple Inc. is a very successful company. Surprisingly, this concept is a relatively recent business philosophy. The marketing concept takes an outside-in perspective. It starts with a well-defined market, focuses on customer needs, co-ordinates all the marketing activities affecting customers and makes profits by creating long-term customer relationships based on customer value and satisfaction. Under the marketing concept, companies produce what the consumer wants, thereby satisfying the consumer and making profits. . Societal Marketing Concept The societal marketing concept holds that the organization should determine the needs, wants and interests of target markets. It should then deliver the desired satisfactions more effectively and efficiently than competitors in a way that maintains or improves the consumer’s and the society’s well being. The societal marketing concept is the newest of the five marketing management philosophies. Which orientation do you believe Apple follows when marketing products such as the iPhone and iPad? For most, safest answer will be, â€Å"The Apple Company follows all the marketing orientations, and that’s what made them very successful. † That somehow is true. But particularly speaking, I believe that the Apple Company focuses more on, The Marketing Concept, producing a very innovative, efficient, worthy, and consumer-satisfying product- such as the iPhone and iPad. The price of an Apple product may not be very affordable to everyone, but for whatever price you invest to an Apple product, it’s worth the value. Even though the products don’t go through a lot of promotions and special prices, people sold out Apple products, and most of the time, the company leaves the people asking for more. Apple knows which products to produce, and most especially what will make its’ competitors anxious and disturbed. Apple is with no doubt a big competition in the global industry. Apple Apple The production concept is a useful philosophy in two types of situation. The first occurs when the demand for a product exceeds the supply. Here, management should look for ways to increase production. The second situation occurs when the product’s cost is too high and improved productivity is needed to bring it down. 2. The Product Concept The product concept holds that consumers will favor products that offer the most quality, performance and innovative features, and that an organization should thus devote energy to making continuous product improvements. Some manufacturers believe that if they can build a better mousetrap, the world will beat a path to their door. . The Selling Concept The selling concept holds that consumers will not buy enough of the organization’s products unless it undertakes a large-scale selling and promotion effort. The concept is typically practiced with unsought floods – those that buyers do not normally think of buying, such as encyclopedias and funeral plots. These industries must be good at tracking down prospects and convincing them of product benefits. The selling co ncept is also practiced in the non-profit area. A political party, for example, will vigorously sell its candidate to voters as a fantastic person for the job. The candidate works hard at selling him or herself – shaking hands, kissing babies, meeting donors and making speeches. Much money also has to be spent on radio and television advertising, posters and mailings. 4. Marketing Concept The marketing concept holds that achieving organizational goals depends on determining the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfactions more effectively and efficiently than competitors do. Also Case Study will describe why Apple Inc. is a very successful company. Surprisingly, this concept is a relatively recent business philosophy. The marketing concept takes an outside-in perspective. It starts with a well-defined market, focuses on customer needs, co-ordinates all the marketing activities affecting customers and makes profits by creating long-term customer relationships based on customer value and satisfaction. Under the marketing concept, companies produce what the consumer wants, thereby satisfying the consumer and making profits. . Societal Marketing Concept The societal marketing concept holds that the organization should determine the needs, wants and interests of target markets. It should then deliver the desired satisfactions more effectively and efficiently than competitors in a way that maintains or improves the consumer’s and the society’s well being. The societal marketing concept is the newest of the five marketing management philosophies. Which orientation do you believe Apple follows when marketing products such as the iPhone and iPad? For most, safest answer will be, â€Å"The Apple Company follows all the marketing orientations, and that’s what made them very successful. † That somehow is true. But particularly speaking, I believe that the Apple Company focuses more on, The Marketing Concept, producing a very innovative, efficient, worthy, and consumer-satisfying product- such as the iPhone and iPad. The price of an Apple product may not be very affordable to everyone, but for whatever price you invest to an Apple product, it’s worth the value. Even though the products don’t go through a lot of promotions and special prices, people sold out Apple products, and most of the time, the company leaves the people asking for more. Apple knows which products to produce, and most especially what will make its’ competitors anxious and disturbed. Apple is with no doubt a big competition in the global industry. Apple Apple

Children's literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Children's literature - Essay Example During this period, many children books came up for publication, which included the Little House, the Hobbit, among others (Tolkien 1). However, these books received a lot of criticism based on their morality, purpose, themes, and target audience. The Hobbit by John Tolkien is one of the children books published from the period between the Golden Age and the Silver Age--roughly 1920 to 1950 and received numerous criticisms. The Hobbit is a childrens book with a lot of comic, which is popular and recognized in childrens literature. The author published the book inn 1937 in the midst of wide criticism. The novel has attracted international recognition in children literature. The Hobbit has different characters and depicts continued human quest. The Hobbit narrates the story of a simple English man, Bilbo Baggins as he seeks to possess a share of the treasure guarded by the dragon, Smaug (â€Å"The Tolkien Society† 1). The story also depicts human greed and human conflict as all characters disagree at the end of the story. The main themes of the novel include heroism and personal growth while warfare is a dominant motif in the novel that attracts critics over the experiences of the World War I as seen in the novel. There have been variant adaptations of the novel where every adaptation received critical recognition. The novel depicts a glorious, challenging, and entertaining adventure that entails humor and suspense (Eaton 1). The novel uses understandable language and English comics to entertain children. Additionally, the ideals of the Lord of the Rings trilogy (Abramson 1) are part of the novel. Notably, the novel presents a clear view of the authors thoughts about human complexity and human development combined with the ideas of Scandinavian epics he studied as well as a reflection of middle-class life in England as seen in the plot, character, and themes in the novel

Goal of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Goal of Education - Essay Example No parent would against his or her children’s education. There is no child who does not hate his school and yet would not want to be deprived of one either. So the question here is why is education so desirable? When asked in a survey, most people said that education, for them, is a way to make money. Parents who struggle hard for their kids’ education do so in hope of a financially brighter future and an upward mobility. Children who spend all their childhood and adolescence period in studying do so, in order to attain a social standing, where they can enjoy better standard of life. Thus, education is merely a way to become rich and make money (Eames, 1977). As simple as the statement sounds, there are a few loopholes in the argument. First, if education is the best possible way to earn money as proven by its popularity, then why do facts show that the richest people on the planet are either illiterate or high school dropouts? Bill Gates, who dropped out of high school, remained the â€Å"richest man of the world for ten consecutive years† (Dewey, 1998). Secondly, history shows that the system of education was not invented to help people make more money (Dewey, 1998). The idea of education leading to upward financial mobility emerged at the onset of capitalism when all processes and social phenomenon were commodified in order for powerful to outdo the powerless, which is principally the Marxist perspective on capitalism. One now asks, if it is possible to become as rich as anyone can without going to school and the process does not even accredit its alleged purpose, then why bother. What is the ultimate edge that an educated man has over the uneducated one? The answer lies in the quote of Dr. Martin Luther King, "The function of education is to teach one to think intensively and to think critically. Intelligence plus character - that is the goal of true education" (Warren, 2001, 27). Education, in its true essence is

Vietnam Essay -- essays research papers

After thinking about all the things we would learn this year in American history I decided to do my project on the experiences of Vietnam War veterans. There is a lot of controversy as to whether or not the Vietnam War veterans are given enough recognition for what they went through. I have heard horrible stories of US soldiers dying from US bombs, shell shock, and soldiers returning to America and not being able to function as active members of society due to the horrors of the war. All I really know about the war is what I have seen on television. I wanted to learn about the war through the firsthand accounts of those who were there. The Vietnam War was a military struggle fought in Vietnam from 1959 to 1975. It began as an attempt by Communist guerrillas (or Vietcong) in the South, backed by Communist North Vietnam, to overthrow the government of South Vietnam. The struggle grew into a war between South Vietnam and North Vietnam and ultimately into an international conflict. The United States and some 40 other countries supported South Vietnam by supplying troops and munitions, and the USSR and the People's Republic of China furnished munitions to North Vietnam and the Vietcong. On both sides, however, the burden of the war fell mainly on the civilians.1 On January 27, in Paris, delegations representing the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the Provisional Revolutionary Communist Government of South Vietnam signed an Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam. The cease-fire officially went into effect on January 28. Both the US and North Vietnam asserted that there were no secret peace terms.2 All the US fighting forces had withdrawn from Vietnam by March 1973, but not without major losses on both sides. Two million Vietnamese were killed and 3 million were wounded. The extensive use of napalm and defoliants (such as Agent Orange) left many people badly burned, and destroyed the ecology of a country that was mainly agricultural. This is an important part of US history because it was the first war in which there was no clear winner. 57,685 US soldiers were killed, and triple that amount were wounded. Even those who returned to the United states without physical damage suffered from depression, and had to live with memories of the carnage and destruction that they saw. What bothers me about... ...arried, but instead decided on throwing it away, so that he wouldn’t be able to. So even this early in the war, the horrors of the POW camps were already known. I believe the worst torture Stafford had to endure was being without water. â€Å"As time passed, Stafford’s awareness shifted away from his physical pain and the uncertainty of his situation and focused on one single fact and sensation: he was thirsty... He got down off the stool, onto his knees, and licked the floor where he tiles joined, hoping some water had a accumulated there. When that failed, he tried licking damaged places on the wall, hoping that some water had sweated through.†6 It was only his second day without water, and he had to wait three more. The book continues to describe the horrible conditions in the rooms, the small amounts of food, and the torture that they had to go through on occasion, but never was any soldier’s ordeal described the way Stafford’s had been. Its amazing how some people can persevere. After spending eight years as a Vietnam POW Stafford was released. When he returned home his wife was still waiting for him, and the only problem he suffered was occasional depression.

Assignment System Evaluation Paper Essay

Epic is privately held health care software company. In 1979, it was established by Judith Faulkner. The organization central command was in Madison, Wisconsin, yet in 2005 the organization moved to Vernon, Wisconsin. The product’s business is health awareness associations, and it is a fascinating suite of human services programming fixated on a MUMPS database. (Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multiple Programming System). It is a programming dialect that was made in the 1960 and afterward utilized for the health awareness associations. It is an altogether different language structure dialect and wording. MUMPS is an inherent database, empowering high- level access to plate stockpiling, utilizing a basic typical project variables. The programming dialect is likewise utilized as a part of keeping money systems and internet exchanging administrations. With the advancement of a prebuilt database, Epic programming is effortlessly introduced and kept up to the current IT fra mework in the association. Epic System gives the human services administration programming that incorporates monetary and clinical data over the association in one database. The frameworks programming incorporates booking, charging, enrollment, research facility, serious forethought offices, crisis, healing center drug store, radiology, surgery, inpatient, outpatient, electronic wellbeing records, to oversaw mind organization. Illustration, in the crisis room, Epic assists with a brisk path on effective patient mind by having a point and click on records to enlisting new patient in, taking care of charging inquiries and issues, to bunk accessibility, to an immediate connection to the drug store on this one patient. The framework additionally permits the clinic to import records to different doctors once the patient is discharged from the healing center. Today in the 21st century, more accentuation set on paperless and additionally going electronic, even in the restorative field. This framework  additionally permits more patients to be more included about their medications by having more get to their restorative records. By getting to webpage from their home patients can transfer photographs, overhaul medicines, and anaphylaxes that they may have, view proclamations, pay bills on the web, perspective test outcomes, plan errands, see past, and approaching arrangements and refill remedies. Along these lines, doctors need to be dependent upon the pace, on time, on a plan, and utilize a superior apparatus that has in excess of 100 separate claims to fame Epic is known to have quite recently that. Epic frameworks likewise permits doctors and other human services staff to get to the framework while making adjusts in the passages, or simply far from the doctor’s facility or office by synchronizing the product to their Pda’s, I cushions, and cell telephones. While far from the workplace or healing facility doctors and other human services staff looking over their patients outlines, seek postings, plan errands, send messages, e-recommend, do correspondences in the diagrams, and take a gander at clinical imaging catch. Arrangement Link on the Epic framework gives a supplier and a payor association leeway by adding an administration accessible to the bosses by means of web. The supplier can make referrals, get endorsements notices and surveys statuses of cases they are included. Arrangement Link administration permits them to print settlement guidance reports, spare telephone calls, and mailing costs. The payors can even get to their online premium receipts for installment. In 2002, there were simply more than 500 representatives at the Epic Corporation, today it is more than 3,800 workers there. The company has more than 165 clients from the fair size therapeutic gathering, huge restorative association, youngsters’ associations to a variable vast healing facility framework. Epic today has more than 50 million American individuals in the Epic programming wellbeing records. I worked with Epic Systems a year ago and what this framework can do does right by me that was some piece of the therapeu tic association going into the eventual fate of innovation. Epic has developed in the course of recent years; the inquiry is Epic going Global. In the event that this organization was to go worldwide, look how it would change the way individuals fly out and expecting to go to the healing facility abroad. It will decrease ineligible techniques, diminish copy requests, lessen the danger of prescription blunders and reduction  protection cost. Dickman in this article talked about keeping up the following key piece of Epic, and it is to recognize the up and coming era of pioneers for this organization, getting them prepared for the following period of Epic frameworks (Marc Eisen, 2008). Today the organization has gone worldwide, Epic Corporation has augment their aspirations to abroad in Holland. Dickman has expressed that the organization as of now have two agreement and investigating more. References Anonymous, 2013. Epic Corporation. Retrieved from www.epic.com Marc Eisen, June, 2008. Epic Systems: Epic Tale. Retrieved from: www.dailypage.com

Essay about Ethnocentrism Race and Violence - 958 Words

Websters dictionary defines ethnocentrism as The tendency to evaluate other groups according to the values and standards of ones own ethnic group, especially with the conviction that ones own ethnic group is superior to the other groups. When first reading this definition, one would naturally agree that ethnocentrism does exist in our world and society, often confusing it with patriotism. However, many do not realize that ethnocentrism is, has been, and continues to be a leading cause for violence in America. Different ethnic groups such as African Americans and Native Americans have suffered through years of violent crimes against them because of the white mans ethnocentric views of themselves when compared with other races and†¦show more content†¦For example, in the final defeat of the American Indian in 1890, known as the Massacre at Wounded Knee, nearly 300 Lakota men, women, and children - old and young - were massacred in a highly charged, violent encounter with U.S. soldiers because the soldiers incorrectly perceived a ritual ghost dance as a war dance. Native American corpses of men, women, and children laid still and lifeless in the dirt on that cold December night all due to the ethnocentric beliefs of the white man. The Native Americans only cover chapter 1 of white supremacy and ethnocentrism as a means of breeding violence in America throughout its history. When the Native Americans did not work as slaves for the white settlers because of their lack of immunity to European diseases, they needed to resort to other options. They could not use their own indentured servants from their homeland because the indentured servants were white, just as were the settlers. This being the case, the settlers found it a very perfect idea to import blacks from Africa and the Caribbean to work for them on their farms and plantations. Once again, white supremacy prevailed. The blacks were thought to be inferior by the whites because they were different and heathens. 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